Análisis histórico del derecho de autor y su inclusión constitucional como derecho humano en México

El derecho autoral desde tiempos antiguos ha sido observado y cuidado en mayor o menor medida por diversas civilizaciones, no obstante su carácter normativo lo obtuvo hasta mediados del siglo XV, sin considerar aquellos privilegios otorgados con anterioridad a los impresores en total omisión proteccionista del autor y su reación; pues si bien la importancia de la creatividad humana y las obras que se desprenden de ella, no solo radica en la conservación y enriquecimiento del patrimonio cultural de la humanidad; sino también en el impacto que ésta tiene en las vidas humanas. La protección de la dignidad del hombre como base fundamental de los derechos humanos sentó las bases de la decisión legislativa tanto nacional como internacional de protección autoral, tutelando con esto no solo el derecho del hombre a crear y ser reconocido por esto, sino también de gozar del producto de aquello con carácter primordial. La evolución histórica que ha tenido el derecho de autor ha sido lenta en comparación con el de sus derechos hermanos culturales, que si bien su reconocimiento humano es un avance sensible y jurídico importante, continua teniendo retos y desafíos en la actual era digital, teniendo que replantearse nuevas estructuras que den soluciones y protección al objeto tutelado del derecho autoral: la creatividad como elemento distintivo del hombre.En el contexto de los festejos del centenario de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, e impulsada por la efervescencia que ha ganado la protección de los derechos humanos a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX en México, el presente análisis despliega una serie de referencias históricas normativas con las cuales se fincaron las bases y mecanismos constitucionales que dieron pauta al reconocimiento y vinculación de los derechos de autor y sus figuras complementarias como parte inalienable de los derechos fundamentales del hombre, salvaguardando constitucionalmente su poder de creación, así como los beneficios permanentes de ésta

Studies of Reinforced Concrete Beams and Slabs Reinforced with Steel Plates

United States Air ForceContract AF 33(600)-3131

Does Implicit Voting Matter? Coalitional Bargaining in EU the Legislative Process

This paper theorises how decision-makers in the EU legislative process reach consensual decisions and in which policy direction through a mechanism of “implicit voting”. I introduce spatial model coalitional bargaining using a utility function that incorporates decision-maker considerations of the policy gains they expect to obtain for an outcome and the policy concessions they will need to give to other decision-makers so as to have this outcome accepted. The model predicts the formation of a compact coalition where the differences among the distances between each decision-maker position and the coalitional position are less pronounced than in competing alternative coalitions. This coalition will be able to implement this policy position as the outcome of the legislative process. The empirical evaluation of the model with DEU for 44 proposals and 111 issues of EU legislative process shows that the compact coalition offers a good prediction of how consensus in arrived at in the EU, suggesting that implicit voting explains well how EU decisional actors make consensual decisions and the direction this consensus takes

Pinworms of the red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus) in Colombia. Gathering the pieces of the pinworm-primate puzzle

Pinworms of primates are believed to be highly host specific parasites, forming co-evolutionary associations with their hosts. In order to assess the strength and reach of such evolutionary links, we need to have a broad understanding of the pinworm diversity associated with primates. Here, we employed an integrative taxonomic approach to assess pinworm diversity in red howler monkeys in Colombia. Molecular and morphological evidence validate the presence of at least four different species of Trypanoxyuris occurring in red howler monkeys: T. minutus, a widely distributed species, and three new species, T. seunimiii n. sp., T. kemuimae n. sp. and T. kotudoi n. sp. The mitochondrial COI gene and the 28S ribosomal gene were used for phylogenetic assessments through Bayesian inference. The three new species were morphologically distinct and formed reciprocally monophyletic lineages. Further molecular lineage subdivision in T. minutus and T. kotudoi n. sp. without morphological correspondence, suggests the potential scenario for the existence of cryptic species. Phylogenetic relationships imply that the different species of Trypanoxyuris occurring in each howler monkey species were acquired through independent colonization events. On-going efforts to uncover pinworm diversity will allow us to test the degree of host specificity and the co-phylogenetic hypothesis, as well as to further unravel the primate-pinworm evolutionary history puzzle

Three-dimensional image technology in forensic anthropology: assessing the validity of biological profiles derived from CT-3D images of the skeleton

This project explores the reliability of building a biological profile for an unknown individual based on three-dimensional (3D) images of the individual's skeleton. 3D imaging technology has been widely researched for medical and engineering applications, and it is increasingly being used as a tool for anthropological inquiry. While the question of whether a biological profile can be derived from 3D images of a skeleton with the same accuracy as achieved when using dry bones has been explored, bigger sample sizes, a standardized scanning protocol and more interobserver error data are needed before 3D methods can become widely and confidently used in forensic anthropology. 3D images of Computed Tomography (CT) scans were obtained from 130 innominate bones from Boston University's skeletal collection (School of Medicine). For each bone, both 3D images and original bones were assessed using the Phenice and Suchey-Brooks methods. Statistical analysis was used to determine the agreement between 3D image assessment versus traditional assessment. A pool of six individuals with varying experience in the field of forensic anthropology scored a subsample (n = 20) to explore interobserver error. While a high agreement was found for age and sex estimation for specimens scored by the author, the interobserver study shows that observers found it difficult to apply standard methods to 3D images. Higher levels of experience did not result in higher agreement between observers, as would be expected. Thus, a need for training in 3D visualization before applying anthropological methods to 3D bones is suggested. Future research should explore interobserver error using a larger sample size in order to test the hypothesis that training in 3D visualization will result in a higher agreement between scores. The need for the development of a standard scanning protocol focusing on the optimization of 3D image resolution is highlighted. Applications for this research include the possibility of digitizing skeletal collections in order to expand their use and for deriving skeletal collections from living populations and creating population-specific standards. Further research for the development of a standard scanning and processing protocol is needed before 3D methods in forensic anthropology are considered as reliable tools for generating biological profiles

Coalition Formation and Agenda Setting in EU Environmental Policy after the Enlargement

The eastern enlargement of the EU has greatly increased the heterogeneity in the configuration of preferences of European member states. This scenario was expected to significantly difficult the capacity of the legislative process to take decisions. However, the decision-making in the EU has shown a remarkable capacity of adaptation in the face of the entrance of new members. This article argues that this adaptation is indeed normal. I introduce a mixed model of coalitional bargaining and agenda setting which explains legislative decision making in the face of preference heterogeneity. The model shows how coalition formation incorporates the preference variations infused by new member states in surplus winning coalitions adopting moderate compromises and how the intervention of a supranational EP influences the final decision towards more advanced legislation. The application of the model to the area of environmental policy shows that under the conditions of preference heterogeneity of the enlargement context, the EU legislative process is likely to generate legislation at medium levels of policy change, appeasing the risk for deadlock but also restraining the introduction of more integrationist legislation.enlargement; environmental policy

Horror Vacui: Emptiness Might Distinguish between Major Suicide Repeaters and Nonmajor Suicide Repeaters: A Pilot Study

This Letter to the Editor is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychiatry at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychiatr